💠 Database Management System Concept

Database Management System (DBMS) 

Module 1: Introduction to Databases

• Definition of Data, Information, Database, DBMS
• Advantages and disadvantages of DBMS over file systems
• Data Independence and Data Abstraction – Physical, Logical, View
• Data Abstraction and Views Explained with Examples
• DBMS Architecture – 1-tier, 2-tier, 3-tier
• Data Models – Hierarchical, Network, Relational, Object-oriented

SQL Exercise
SQL Exercise
SQL Exercise
Database Languages – 

• DDL 
• DML
• DCL
• TCL

SQL Exercise 
SQL Exercise

Module 2: Entity–Relationship (ER) Model

• Entity, Attributes, Relationships and their types

ER Diagrams and EER Concepts –

• Specialization
• Generalization
• Aggregation

Keys: 

• Super Key
• Candidate Key
• Primary Key
• Foreign Key
• Mapping ER Model to Relational Model

SQL Exercise
Exercise : Schema and Cardinalities

Module 3: Relational Model & Relational Algebra

• Relational Data Model – Schema, Tuples, Attributes, Domains
• Integrity Constraints – Domain, Key, Entity, Referential
• Relational Algebra Operations – Selection, Projection, Join, Union, Difference
• Extended Operations – Division, Aggregation

SQL Exercise
SQL Exercise

Module 4: Structured Query Language (SQL)

Data Definition Language (DDL)

• CREATE
• ALTER
• DROP

SQL Exercise
SQL Exercise

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

• SELECT
• INSERT
• UPDATE
• DELETE

SQL Exercise 

Integrity Constraints

• NOT NULL
• UNIQUE
• CHECK
• PRIMARY KEY
• FOREIGN KEY

SQL Exercise 

Joins

• INNER JOIN
• LEFT OUTER JOIN
• RIGHT OUTER JOIN
• FULL OUTER JOIN
• CROSS JOIN

Advanced SQL Concepts

• Subqueries
• Views

Aggregate Functions

• COUNT
• SUM
• AVG
• MIN
• MAX

Data Grouping and Filtering

• GROUP BY
• HAVING

Sorting Results

• ORDER BY

Data Control Language (DCL)

• GRANT
• REVOKE

Transaction Control Language (TCL)

• COMMIT
• ROLLBACK

SQL Exercise

Module 5: Normalization and Database Design

• Functional Dependencies
• 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF, 5NF
• Decomposition – Lossless Join and Dependency Preservation
• Denormalization – Concepts and Trade-offs

Module 6: Transaction Management & Concurrency Control

• Concept and Properties of Transactions (ACID)
• Transaction States and Schedules
• Serializability – Conflict and View
• Lock-based and Timestamp-based Concurrency Control
• Deadlock Handling

Module 7: Recovery System

• Failure Types – Transaction, System, Media
• Recovery Techniques – Deferred and Immediate Updates
• Checkpoint, Shadow Paging, Log-based Recovery

Module 8: File Organization & Indexing

• Sequential, Indexed, and Hashed File Organization
• Indexing – Primary, Secondary, Dense, Sparse
• B-Tree, B+ Tree, and Hash-based Indexing

Module 9: Database Security

• Database Security Issues – Authentication, Authorization
• Access Control – DAC, MAC, RBAC
• Encryption and Data Privacy

Module 10: Advanced Topics

• Distributed Databases and Data Warehousing
• Data Mining and OLAP Concepts
• NoSQL and Cloud Databases
• Object-relational Databases

DBMS Lab Syllabus

• Using MySQL / Oracle / PostgreSQL
• Creating Databases, Tables, and Schemas
• Insert, Update, Delete, and Retrieve Data
• Join, Subquery, Aggregate Function Implementation
• Views, Index, Trigger, and Stored Procedure Creation
• Transaction Control – COMMIT, ROLLBACK
• Normalization and Mini Project Implementation

Recommended Books

• Silberschatz, Korth & Sudarshan – Database System Concepts
• Raghu Ramakrishnan & Gehrke – Database Management Systems
• Elmasri & Navathe – Fundamentals of Database Systems
• Groff & Weinberg – SQL: The Complete Reference

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📚 Oracle SQL Syllabus

🧪 Oracle SQL Lab Tutorial Syllabus

Objective: This lab-based Oracle SQL tutorial is designed to build a strong practical foundation in SQL programming using Oracle Database. Each lab includes step-by-step exercises, real-world scenarios, and SQL scripts for active learning.

🔍 Lab 1: Introduction & Basic Queries

• Explore Oracle SQL*Plus
• SELECT – Retrieve data from a table
• Practice: Query employees and departments
• Analytical SQL Questions for Employees & Departments

🔃 Lab 2: Sorting and Filtering Data

• ORDER BY, WHERE, DISTINCT
• AND, OR, IN, BETWEEN, LIKE, IS NULL
• Practice: Filter employees by salary, department

🔗 Lab 3: Joining Tables

• INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL OUTER JOIN
• CROSS JOIN, SELF JOIN
• Practice: Combine employee and department data

📊 Lab 4: Grouping and Aggregation

• GROUP BY, HAVING
• CUBE, ROLLUP, GROUPING SETS
• Practice: Salary summaries, department counts

🔁 Lab 5: Subqueries

• Sub Query Basics
• Simple and Correlated Subqueries
• EXISTS, NOT EXISTS, ANY, ALL
• Practice: Find high earners per department
• Practice Problems

➕ Lab 6: Set Operations

• UNION, INTERSECT, MINUS
• Practice: Combine and compare queries

🔄 Lab 7: Pivoting Data

• PIVOT, UNPIVOT
• Practice: Crosstab salary reports

🎚 Lab 8: Limiting Rows

• FETCH FIRST, OFFSET
• Practice: Top earners, latest hires

🏗 Lab 9: Creating and Modifying Tables

• CREATE, ALTER TABLE
• Virtual Columns
• Practice: Create custom project table

📁 Lab 10: Data Types

• NUMBER, CHAR, VARCHAR2, DATE, TIMESTAMP
• NCHAR, NVARCHAR2, INTERVAL
• Practice: Define appropriate types

🔐 Lab 11: Constraints

• PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY
• NOT NULL, UNIQUE, CHECK, DEFAULT
• Practice: Create relational schema

✏️ Lab 12: Modifying Data

• INSERT, INSERT ALL, UPDATE, DELETE
• MERGE for UPSERT
• Practice: Populate employee/project data

⏳ Lab 13: Temporary Tables

• Global and Private Temporary Tables
• Practice: Use for session-specific data

👁 Lab 14: Views

• CREATE, DROP, Updatable Views
• WITH CHECK OPTION, Inline Views
• Practice: Build report views

⚡ Lab 15: Indexes

• CREATE, DROP, Unique, Function-based, Bitmap Index
• Practice: Improve query performance

📛 Lab 16: Synonyms

• CREATE, DROP SYNONYM
• Practice: Use synonyms for object access

🔢 Lab 17: Sequences

• CREATE, ALTER, DROP SEQUENCE
• Practice: Use sequences for IDs

🔢 SQL & PL/SQL CONCEPTUAL EXERCISE

• Constraints in DBMS
• SQL DDL and DML Explained Simply with Examples
• Key Responsibilities of a Database Administrator (DBA)
• Data Integrity vs. Data Inconsistency in DBMS
• DBMS Layered Architecture Made Easy
• Employee DBMS: Keys & Queries Explained Simply
• Library Database Design & Table Modification
• Library Database Design Explained
• SQL to Relational Algebra
• Relational Algebra: Schema Design
• Reducing Data Redundancy for Better Database Integrity
• Concurrency Issues in Retail: Managing with Oracle
• Analyze DBMS Schema of a Bank Management System
• SQL Queries for University Department Data
• SQL Operations on Student Table
• Designing Employee Table with SQL Constraints
• Sub Query Basics : Oracle DBMS
• Sub Query Advanced : Oracle DBMS
• Properties of DBMS : Atomic Stage
• DBMS Constraint : Primary & Foreign Key
• Oracle PL SQL Basic Example Practice
• Stored Procedure for Order Management
• PL SQL Cursor for Information Retrieval
• Database Normalization & ER Diagram
• Sub Query with RDBMS
• Trigger in Oracle Database
• Ensuring Atomicity in E-commerce
• Sub Query for Customer & Order Management
• Normalization of a Database Table
• Database Trigger for Audit Table
• Oracle Explicit Cursor
• ER Diagram & DBMS: Design, Consistency, Atomicity, Integrity

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📛 PL SQL LAB Based Exercise

Section 1: SQL Subquery & Join Questions (30 Questions)

• Overview of Subqueries
  • Single-row vs Multi-row Subqueries
  • Correlated vs Non-Correlated Subqueries
• Overview of SQL Joins
  • INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL OUTER, CROSS
• Combining Subqueries with Joins
• Lab Questions 1–30
  • Problem Statements with Sample Tables
  • SQL Query Solutions
  • Step-by-Step Explanation and Output

Section 2: PL/SQL Trigger Lab Exam (30 Questions)

• Introduction to PL/SQL Triggers
• Types of Triggers: BEFORE, AFTER, INSTEAD OF
• Row-level vs Statement-level Triggers
• Trigger Syntax and Examples
• Lab Questions 1–30
  • Problem Statement
  • Sample Table Schema
  • Step-by-Step Solution
  • Explanation

Section 3: PL/SQL Stored Procedure

• Q31 – Safe Delete Product with Exception Handling
  • Problem Description
  • Sample Table Schema
  • Stored Procedure Syntax
  • Exception Handling Techniques (WHEN OTHERS, NO_DATA_FOUND, etc.)
  • Step-by-Step Execution
  • Output and Explanation

Section 4: PL/SQL Cursor Lab Exam (30 Questions)

• Introduction to Cursors
• Implicit vs Explicit Cursors
• Cursor Attributes (%ROWCOUNT, %FOUND, %NOTFOUND, %ISOPEN)
• Cursor Loops and FOR Loops
• Lab Questions 1–30
  • Sample Database Schema for Practice
  • Problem Statements
  • Cursor Implementation Solutions
  • Step-by-Step Explanations

Section 5: Additional Resources

• Best Practices for PL/SQL and SQL Queries
• Common Errors and Debugging Tips
• Recommended References and Tutorials

🧰 Tools Required

• Oracle Database (XE or Standard)
• SQL Developer or compatible tool
• Sample schema: HR, SCOTT, or custom dataset

✅ Learning Outcomes

• Master Oracle SQL fundamentals
• Write optimized SQL queries
• Design and manage Oracle database objects

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📘 C Programming Language

🖥️ Learn C Programming From Scratch

Master C with practical examples, easy tutorials, and hands-on projects

📘 C Programming Syllabus

This is a detailed C programming syllabus designed for a 6-month semester. It is suitable for undergraduate students or beginners learning C programming.

📘 Module 1: Introduction to Programming (Weeks 1–2)

• Basics of programming
• History and importance of C
• Structure of a C program
• Compilation and Execution Process
• Keywords
• Identifiers
• Constants
• Variables
• Data Types
• Input/Output Functions (printf(), scanf())

💡 Practice Problems for C Programming

• Variables, Input, and Output: Write a C program to declare variables, take user input, and display the output.
• Integer Data with Arithmetic Operators: Perform basic arithmetic operations using C.
• Integer Division with Type Casting: Display division result as a floating-point using type casting.
• Area of a Circle: Calculate area using π × r².
• Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion: Convert Celsius temperature to Fahrenheit.
• Absolute Value: Display absolute value of any number.
• Float & Double Manipulation: Handle and display float/double types.
• Even / Odd Check: Check if a number is even or odd.
• Positive / Negative / Zero: Check a number's sign.
• Find Largest and Smallest: Determine the largest and smallest of three numbers.

🎥 Reference Videos: Playlist 1 Playlist 2

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🧮 Module 2: Operators and Expressions (Week 3)

• Comprehensive Guide to Operators in C Programming: Explained with Examples
• Arithmetic
• Relational
• Logical
• Assignment
• Bitwise Operators
• Increment/Decrement
• Conditional and Special Operators
• Type conversion and precedence

Practice Problems for C Programming

🔁 Module 3: Control Structures (Weeks 4–5)

Decision making:

• if
• if-else
• if-else-if Ladder
• switch

Loops:

• for
• while
• do-while

Jump statements: 

• break
• continue
• goto

🧵 Module 4: Arrays and Strings (Weeks 6–7)

• 1D Arrays
• 2D Arrays
• Multidimensional Arrays
• C String Programming Basics
• 5 beginner-friendly problems with code of String in C
• String operations and functions (strcpy, strlen, etc.)


• Array Practice Problems


• String Practice Problems

• 🆕Top 5 Array and String Problems in C (ICPC Style) 🌟

🧩 Module 5: Functions (Weeks 8–9)

• Function declaration, definition, and calling
• Call by value and call by reference
• Recursion

📍 Module 6: Pointers (Weeks 10–11)

• Basics of pointers and pointer arithmetic
• Pointers and arrays
• Pointers with functions
• Pointers to pointers

📦 Module 7: Structures and Unions (Weeks 12–13)

• Declaring and using structures
• Array of structures and nested structures
• Introduction to unions
• Difference between structures and unions

📁 Module 8: File Handling (Weeks 14–15)

• File functions: fopen(), fclose(), fprintf(), fscanf()
• Reading/writing text and binary files
• Use of file pointers
• Exercise of File Programming

💾 Module 9: Dynamic Memory Allocation (Week 16)

• Memory allocation functions: malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), free()
• Memory leaks and handling

⚙️ Module 10: Preprocessor Directives (Week 17)

• #define, #include, #ifdef, #ifndef
• Macros and conditional compilation

🔀 Module 11: Miscellaneous Topics (Week 18)

• Command-line arguments
• Enumerations and typedefs

🛠️ Weeks 19–24: Project & Final Assessment

• Mini project development
• Internal assessments and lab tests
• Final practical and written exams

🧪 Lab Work / Assignments

• 100-125 practical programs based on the above modules
• Sample mini projects: Student Record System, Bank Management System, File Encryption Tool

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